For example, if we look at the UK (see Chap. This means the coalition or party that wins a plurality of votes in each region is guaranteed a majority of the seats assigned to that region. Or do they treat Italy the way they treated Greece and insist there is no alternative to austerity? Le cause. At the same time, the ISTAT data too, based on the changes of residence administrative source, under-estimate the real-time emigration flows, since they detect only the individuals that officially move their abode overseas. Le cause di questa crisi finanziaria divenuta poi economica sono molteplici: l’incremento dei prezzi delle materie prime, iniziato nei primi mesi del 2008 e che ha visto salire il petrolio al prezzo record di 147$ al barile il giorno 11 luglio 2008, la crisi alimentare mondiale e l’aumento del prezzo del grano, un’elevata inflazione globale, la minaccia di una recessione già nata nel 1991 in America e l’esplosione della bolla dei valori Internet del 2001. Economische crisis: . Both youth and total unemployment rates are higher among the female population. In some respects, Italy presents all the prerequisites for suffering from a ‘brain drain’ issue. Dal 2011 i prestiti bancari alle imprese sono diminuiti di 89 mi…, Ricostruzioni successive: Da Berlusconi a Monti, la drammatica estate 2011 tra …, Ricostruzioni successive: Spread, fu complotto contro Berlusconi? The issue is not whether Italy will have a recession. The chances of it doing so are remote. There is a clear and growing trend of Italians emigrating from the country after the economic crisis. For another, helicopter drops would have to be underwritten by the ECB. For example, the non-foreign population that moved to Italy from abroad in 2012 was 20 % lower than in 2007. [13] The state of the electoral system had been under criticism not only within the outgoing government, but also among the opposition and in the general population, because of the impossibility to choose candidates directly and of the risks that a close-call election may not grant a stable majority in the Senate. [19], The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats was invited to support Berlusconi, but refused and decided to run on its own instead. This paper presents the main findings of a study on how the Italian and international press framed the Italian national airline Alitalia and its crisis in 2008 before its privatization. After the crisis, a minority of experts and politicians, especially those with an academic background, assuming a high degree of return or circularity of the current outflows have tried to frame the ‘Italians abroad’ question mainly as an opportunity and not necessarily as a problem, a potential occasion to further develop the labour force’s human capital, improve the balance of trade and of payments, and a chance to transform the ‘brain drain’ into a ‘brain return’ (ISPI 2012). Inoltre, la situazione delle banche venne aggravata da una crisi di fiducia generalizzata che provocò il ribasso delle borse europee ed in particolare della Borsa di Milano, dove i titoli bancari registrarono perdite spaventose. Ma l'anno successivo, nel Settembre 2008, ci fu il fallimento della Lehman Brothers e le immagini dei dipendenti della banca d'affari americana che abbandonano i propri uffici alla spicciolata fecero il giro del mondo. : how an organizational crisis response strategy affects media coverage, A new crisis type: management-induced crisis (MIC) and the Qantas lockout, Alitalia's crisis in the media – a situational analysis, How do the news media frame crises? Six seats in the Senate are assigned to Italians living abroad and are allocated using the same system used for the Chamber of Deputies. As it might. Cause e conseguenze della crisi del 1929, la crisi economica che coinvolse tutto il mondo, e che inaugurò la Grande Depressione negli Stati Uniti…, La Grande depressione e il new deal: riassunto, Tesina sulla Grande depressione e New deal: cause e conseguenze, Crisi del '29: riassunto sulle cause e conseguenze, Crisi del 1929 e New Deal: riassunto breve, Crisi del 1929: storia e caratteristiche della Grande Depressione, Crisi economica 2008 in Italia: riassunto. The programme, financed mainly through the European Social Fund, focuses exclusively on former residents of the region living abroad. Thus, not only the traditionally anti-immigrant campaigns of the Northern League are now recrudescing, but also the minister of the Interior, Angelino Alfano, member of the current broad coalition government led by Matteo Renzi, recently declared that the government will not allow that even “a single immigrant take the job of an Italian citizen”.7. These actions are certainly consistent with the hegemonic narratives concerning the current emigration, where both the governmental rhetoric and media reports insist on the presence of graduates. Forty-two percent were aged between 18 and 24, The NIN data, though, incorporate also Italians only by passport, that never actually lived in Italy, mostly Latin Americans of Italian descent that use the Italian nationality to enter the EU labour market freely (Tintori 2011). The second, prominent especially after the crisis and the growth in emigration rates, was a further development of the first with a note of pessimism added to it. According to Swiss national statistics the inflow of Italian immigrants was at its peak in 1983, when it reached 12,000 people, it was below 7000 people per year in the decade to 2006, but then it jumped again and reached a record high in 2013 with over 13,000 Italian immigrants. Until then, during the early phases of the financial collapse, Italian banks and investors had suffered little. A snap general election was held in Italy on 13–14 April 2008. Over 80 % of the Italian that were allocated a NIN in 2013 were below 34 years old. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. For a thorough discussion of past Italian emigrations – destinations, volumes, patterns (return or settlement) and political contexts – see (Tintori 2013). Italian residents abroad 2006–2013 (Source: AIRE), % of Italian resident population (15–64) and emigrants (25–64) by educational attainment, 2002–2013. pp 49-64 | Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). Once again, data should be taken as a source to grasp the magnitude or trends of current emigration, not as a source of precise information. Mentre gli altri paesi colpiti dalle ripercussioni della crisi finanziaria riprendevano a crescere, l'Italia continuava ad affondare gravata dai problemi strutturali della sua economia. Crisi economica 2008: cause e conseguenze, evoluzione, effetti e rimedi contro la crisi, con analogie e differenze con la crisi del '29 (4 pagine formato doc). Italy ranked second to last for tertiary educational attainment among all OECD countries – only Turkey had worse rates – regardless of whether the whole population was considered or only the youth cohort (25–34 years old) (OECD 2013b). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The voting determined the leader of Italy's 62nd government since the end of World War II. In the next and final section, we will add a few more words on the issue, by looking at the data on the human capital of those who have left or might leave. Nearly 60 % of unemployed in Italy have been so for more than 1 year, the fifth largest among OECD countries and a rapid rise from 49 % before the crisis. An Italian financial crisis ... from the counterproductive obsession with the budgetary orthodoxy that delayed the eurozone’s recovery from the 2008-09 financial crisis. Since the 2000s, Italy, together with Greece, Spain and the United Kingdom, has been one of the main immigrant-receiving countries in Europe (OECD 2011: 403–404). Therefore the numbers cannot be used to assume the actual stock of Italians living in the UK and do not tell us much about the length of their stay. Finally, the region of Trentino-South Tyrol elects seven senators with a mixed-member proportional system: six senators are elected in six single-member constituencies, while the seventh is allocated to the most underrepresented list based on the regional votes. Massimiliano Mazzanti, the Italian consul in London, confirmed that the UK is a booming destination for Italians looking for a job. Source: http://www.inps.it/bussola/VisualizzaDOC.aspx?sVirtualURL=/docallegati/DatiEBilanci/osservatori/Documents/Osservatorio_Precariato_Gen-Lug2015.pdf&iIDDalPortale=10156. The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy. On 30 January, Napolitano appointed Franco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system, rather than call a quick election. The figure is, to some extent, inflated by the fact that many self-employed are de facto working full time for a different employer, since there is a lower tax wedge for independent contractors. Despite these evidences, the public discourse on emigration has adopted quite alarmed tones, since it has focused primarily on the ‘brain drain’ issue. Berlusconi's right coalition was leading by a significant margin in opinion polls. To guarantee a working majority, the coalition or party that obtains a plurality of the vote, but fewer than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, which is roughly 54% of all seats. It is reasonable to assume that government economists in Rome are coming up with similar sorts of projections, hence the mortgage holiday. According to Eurostat, the percentage of the population that is severely deprived is much higher in Italy than in other Western European countries (11.5 % in 2014 vs. 7.1 % in Spain and 5 % in France and Germany). To describe in detail the socio-demographic profile of the Italian emigrants since the 2000s and their destinations we rely on Italian data collected by the ministries of the Interior and Foreign Affairs, as well as by the National statistical office (ISTAT). It does not reward adequately the young and educated either, who are very often confined to unattractive careers, underpaid and underemployed. According to Eurostat (2015) Italy’s youth unemployment reached 41 % in August 2015, the third largest in the Eurozone after Greece (48 %) and Spain (49 %). Ma i numeri dicono esattament…, Le operazioni di mercato della BCE per la gestione dei tassi di interesse e del…, IL CREDIT CRUNCH (Rassegna Stampa Tematica - Senato), CREDIT CRUNCH. schools, universities, theatres and cinemas shut, budgetary orthodoxy that delayed the eurozone’s recovery. A recent survey (in Italian) by the Bank of Italy (Banca d’Italia) has reported that Italian companies in general have suffered a marked worsening of their revenues since the second half of 2008. It does not delve into the actual data on the human capital of those who leave, their occupation, wage levels, type of job contracts, and length of stay abroad. In M. Collyer (Ed.). La Grande depressione e il new deal: riassunto dai principali avvenimenti, cause e conseguenze della crisi, che colpì l'economia mondiale nel 1929, fino ai programmi per la ripresa economica di Roosevelt, Storia contemporanea — Both candidates supported big tax cuts and generous spending programs. Elezioni politiche 2018: la campagna elettorale entra nel vivo. In 2013 the numbers of NIN allocated to Italians was 66 % higher than in the previous year, the largest increase since data is available. Jack Allen-Reynolds, senior European economist at Capital Economics, thinks the economy will shrink by 1% in the first three months of the year and by a further 1.5% in the second quarter. Oltre ai già citati vincoli di bilancio che inibiscono il ricorso alle politiche fiscali di espansione della spesa pubblica o di diminuzione della tassazione, vi è anche l'impossibilità di attuare autonomamente una politica monetaria espansiva avendo perso la sovranità monetaria. Infatti, gli eventi che hanno caratterizzato il periodo di crisi 2008-2014 in Italia non vanno inquadrati come le vere cause della crisi, ma come fattori di squilibrio economico che hanno fatto emergere le contraddizioni del sistema economico italiano. That assumes the quarantine lasts until the end of April and is then gradually lifted. As in Italy it is relatively difficult to dismiss employees, especially in the public sector, there has been an increase of poor quality employment and unemployment among the most vulnerable groups, like the youth. Regioni and Comuni – to governmental departments – e.g. Italy will need massive support from eurozone partners to avoid going the way of Greece. In sintesi, la crisi del debito sovrano è stata superata in Italia attraverso la formazione di un governo tecnico che ha adottato misure impopolari, tra cui tagli della spesa pubblica e aumento della tassazione complessiva dei cittadini. This turn in Italy’s migratory balance should not convey the idea, though, that there have not been relatively significant numbers of people leaving the country even after the 1970s (Tintori 2013: 127–133). As we have only started to demonstrate in the first part of the chapter, though, if there is enough evidence to state that the recent rise of emigration – especially that undetected by Italian official data – was significantly composed of young people, there are no solid proofs that they bring the ‘brain’ too with them, as they are not necessarily skilled or they don’t necessarily end up working in highly-skilled sectors. It grew very slowly even in the first half of 2000 when the Spanish economy, for example, rose by 17 %. Chi ha governato l'Italia durante la XVII legislatura? Since the 1990s, the Italian economy has been suffering from a long period of sluggish or no growth. In. Abstract Given that public opinion about a company's performance during a crisis is highly influenced by the way news media cover crisis events, studies that look at news media's choice of crisis issues, tones and frames are extremely valuable. The situation on Wall Street deteriorated throughout the summer of 2008. The seats are allocated by proportional representation. From manpower export to brain drain? Over 25 % of total employees in Italy are self-employed, the second highest proportion in Western Europe after Greece. Il rapporto di lavoro al tempo della crisi: modelli europei e. Ciocca, P. (2010). Nonostante il superamento della crisi del debito, la sostenibilità dell'elevato stock di debito pubblico costituisce per l'economia italiana un fattore di rischio aggravato da una crescita economica bassa o assente. The international economic crisis has, of course, impacted on Italy’s migratory dynamics. In the 2 years to the second quarter 2015 the Italian GDP rose by a meagre 0.4 %, while the UK gained 5.7 %. In our analysis, we focus our attention primarily on outflows from Italy towards Northern Europe, testing the conventional assumption that the country, in a sort of path dependent response, recurred to emigration as a viable remedy to economic strain and as a safety valve to release the social pressure of high level of unemployment. In Italia si è creato un circolo vizioso tra debito pubblico e crisi strutturale del sistema economico. Details of the scheme remain hazy, but it is highly unlikely that the Italian government has gone this far. They should, at best, speak of ‘brain waste’. The crisis resulted in a narrowing of the gender gap in employment rates among all advanced countries. Even before the current lockdown it was facing a fourth recession in little more than a decade and there has been only minimal growth in living standards in two decades. In Italy, this kind of convergence takes place at a slower pace, in that a higher proportion of women in working age were inactive, mainly because of a lack of job opportunities and rewarding careers. Tesina sulla Grande depressione e New deal: cause e conseguenze, Storia contemporanea — Ecco cos’è successo. In a context of continuity, it is therefore noteworthy to assess whether there has been a shift in the contents and intensity of the Italian State’s activities dedicated to the citizens abroad since 2008, as a response to the increase in the outflows of the recent years. On the other side, the NIN registrations do not include Italian people that are not working in the country and yet live there. Senato: stop alla creazione di nuovi gruppi scollegati dai partiti, Il Parlamento ha approvato la legge sul biotestamento, La Lega di Salvini teme di essere trascinata al centro dall'alleanza con Berlusconi, La vicenda delle banche in dissesto, il caso Etruria e la regolamentazione dei mercati finanziari, Linee politiche divergenti per la sinistra e il centrosinistra, Riforme e giustizia: approvata la legge sul whistleblowing, Le coalizioni elettorali, la mucca nel corridoio e le elezioni politiche 2018, Elezioni regionali in Sicilia e referendum consultivi in Lombardia e Veneto, Il Parlamento ha approvato una nuova legge elettorale: il Rosatellum 2.0, Valutazioni dei risultati delle elezioni amministrative 2016, Elezioni amministrative 2016 e ballottaggi, Le unioni civili sono ora regolamentate da una legge dello Stato, L'elezione del Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella e la rottura del patto del Nazareno, Risultati elezioni europee 25 maggio 2014, La rielezione di Giorgio Napolitano a Presidente della Repubblica, Parlamento: la situazione di stallo dopo le elezioni politiche 2013, Risultati elezioni politiche 24 febbraio 2013, Risultati elezioni politiche 24 febbraio 2013 per partito, Corruzione, clientelismo e voto di scambio dopo Tangentopoli, Il crollo delle vecchie ideologie di destra e di sinistra in Italia, Il seme della corruzione nella politica italiana, Le origini dello Stato italiano e la Costituzione repubblicana. Anche l'economia italiana sembrava aver superato la crisi, poichè il PIL nel 2010 crebbe dell'1,7%, ma in realtà per l'Italia la crescita del PIL non si consolidò e la ripresa non ebbe luogo. Inoltre l’instabilità delle potenze vincitrici e sconfitte della Grande Guerra le aveva rese vulnerabili alla crisi e messe in ginocchio al primo crollo del mercato borsistico; allo scoppiare dell’attuale crisi, invece, gli Stati europei erano economicamente più stabili e pronti ad affrontare il problema. Poco prima, a Settembre, l'agenzia internazionale di valutazione dei rischi finanziari Standard & Poor's aveva abbassato il "rating" (la valutazione di affidabilità) sui titoli del debito pubblico italiano. Nonetheless, according to ISTAT, the number of Italian emigrants has not reached yet the levels of the 1970s. The 2008 financial crisis timeline began in March 2008, when investors sold off their shares of investment bank Bear Stearns because it had too many of the toxic assets. Franzoni, C., Scellato, G., & Stephan, P. (2012). La difficoltà di rispettare i parametri europei in una fase di recessione economica ha aperto una discussione sull'adesione all'Euro. In 2011 and 2012 Italian bond breached 7 per cent and threatened a fiscal crisis for the government in Rome. Charles Dumas, of TS Lombard, says: “The banking system is unlikely to be able to remain solvent or liquid in the current conditions of nationwide lockdown. All rights reserved. [3] The coalition led by ex-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi from The People of Freedom party defeated that of former Mayor of Rome, Walter Veltroni of the Democratic Party.[4]. Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, of Labour, of the Interior, of the Economy – and ad hoc created public agencies. (2014) Migrazioni internazionali e interne della popolazione residente – Anno 2013.
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